In vitro methods for evaluation of sulfur mustard on cell senescence

Even though the Chemical Weapons Convention forbids the use of chemical weapons, there have been cases of chemical warfare agents used in prior conflicts and terror attacks. Sulfur Mustard (SM), an alkylating and blistering agent, has been reported to seriously harm the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and lungs. Prolonged wound healing issues or pulmonary oedema may arise. The exact process by which SM results in long-term injury is yet unclear. Senescent cells in wounds, which have been shown to impede the healing process, may be one possible contributing reason. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of in vitro methods for studying cell senescence after SM exposure. A multitude of studies have demonstrated that several cell types show a higher tendency for senescence induction following SM. This review of the literature not only comprises these cell types and different model types, but also various in vitro methods for SM exposure. In addition, we review the most common endpoints associated with senescence. This overview aims to give scientists a complete summary of the present status of in vitro research on SM and senescence as well as recommendations for new experimental setups and future studies. These recommendations aim to close research gaps and may facilitate the identification of additional druggable targets and the development of novel drug candidates for innovative therapeutic options.