A comprehensive review on the advanced glycation end products detection: From conventional to advanced approaches

The glycation process ultimately generates advanced glycation end products (AGEs) either exogenously or endogenously. With unique structural and functional properties, AGEs contribute to diabetic complications and other glycation-mediated disorders. Owing to the variety of conglomerations, AGEs quantification demands the development of specific and feasible techniques. This article summarizes the molecular mechanism of AGEs formation, along with classifications based on origin, chemical nature, and cellular localization. Moreover, the scope and limitations of existing quantification techniques for both exogenous and endogenous AGEs are discussed. Currently, spectroscopy, chromatography, and immunoassays are widely used methods for measuring AGEs. LC-MS/MS remains the most reliable and specific method, while ELISA and fluorescence spectroscopy offer practical alternatives for specific applications. Non-invasive detection techniques, such as AGEs readers and the facial glycation system, have paved the way; however, associated costs and controversies restrict their feasibility. Hence, future studies with a focus on established and emerging detection techniques for AGEs are crucial to understand the comprehensive role of AGEs in disease progression.