Enzymes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) membrane: A review on design and applications

Integrating enzyme-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with membranes offers a transformative approach to enhance biocatalytic applications. Combining the high porosity and stability of MOFs with the scalability and separation efficiency of membranes, these hybrid systems overcome challenges such as enzyme aggregation, recovery difficulties, and limited recyclability in traditional enzyme-MOF composites. This review examines strategies for synthesizing enzyme-MOF membranes, including bare MOF coating and interfacial diffusion methods. It evaluates their enhanced thermal and storage stability, kinetic performance, and reusability, highlighting applications in bioremediation, CO₂ mitigation, and nanozyme systems. Challenges such as multi-step fabrication, durability, and membrane fouling are addressed, with proposed solutions to optimize these composites for industrial and environmental applications. Applications in bioremediation, CO₂ mitigation, and enzyme-MOF membranes as nanozyme systems demonstrate their transformative potential for sustainable processes. The review addresses challenges, including multi-step fabrication methods, durability, and membrane fouling, while proposing innovative solutions to optimize these hybrid composites for real-world applications. Notably, emerging machine learning techniques accelerate enzyme-MOF membranes' design, optimization, and predictive modeling, opening new avenues for enhanced performance and scalability. The synergetic integration of enzymes, MOFs, and membranes enhances enzyme stability and recyclability and provides a sustainable pathway for industrial-scale environmental protection.