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DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
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Formyl Functionalized Nucleic Acids: A Versatile Tool for Epigenetic and Biomolecules Detection in Nucleic Acids.

Rajesh Sahu1, Harshita Shet1, Yogesh S Sanghvi2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Formyl-functionalized DNA bases, 5-formylcytosine and 5-formyluracil, are key epigenetic markers and reactive sites. Current detection strategies, especially fluorescence labeling, aid in understanding DNA-protein cross-links for biomedical research.

Keywords:
5‐formylcytosine5‐formylindole5‐formyluracilDNA‐protein cross‐linkepigeneticsformyl group

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Formyl-functionalized oligonucleotides exhibit high reactivity and are valuable for biomolecule labeling and cross-linking.
  • Modified DNA bases, 5-formylcytosine and 5-formyluracil, serve as crucial epigenetic markers and reactive intermediates.
  • These modified bases can form covalent DNA-protein cross-links via Schiff base chemistry, impacting DNA damage and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methodologies for detecting 5-formylcytosine and 5-formyluracil in DNA.
  • To highlight fluorescence labeling techniques using organic probes.
  • To discuss the identification of biomolecules through DNA-protein cross-link formation.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing existing strategies for the detection of formyl-modified DNA bases.
  • Focusing on fluorescence-based detection using organic probes.
  • Reviewing methods for identifying biomolecules via DNA-protein cross-links.

Main Results:

  • The review consolidates various approaches for detecting 5-formylcytosine and 5-formyluracil.
  • Emphasis is placed on fluorescence labeling for sensitive detection.
  • The formation and identification of DNA-protein cross-links are discussed as a key application.

Conclusions:

  • Current detection strategies offer practical insights for chemical biology and biomedical research.
  • Further method refinement holds potential for enhanced disease diagnostics.
  • Advanced detection methods may unlock new therapeutic development opportunities.