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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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Phase Changes01:19

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Intercalation-Induced Phase Transitions in Ferroelectric α-In2Se3.

Xin He1,2, Zhihao Gong3, Tao Wang1,2

  • 1Center for Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Lithium-ion intercalation into ferroelectric semiconductors like alpha-In2Se3 drives structural phase transitions. This electrolyte gating method modulates material properties from semiconductor to metallic states, impacting ferroelectricity.

Keywords:
ferroelectric α‐In2Se3lithium intercalationsemiconductor–metal phase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrolyte gating is a key technique for modulating material properties, widely applied in transistors and neuromorphic devices.
  • Ion intercalation-induced structural phase transitions in functional materials are under-explored, particularly concerning ferroelectric semiconductors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ion intercalation-induced structural phase transitions in van der Waals ferroelectric semiconductor alpha-In2Se3.
  • To explore the collective interactions between ions, lattices, and electrons under electrolyte gating.
  • To understand the evolution of ferroelectricity and electronic conduction with increasing ion intercalation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lithium-based electrolyte gating with a polymer electrolyte and alpha-In2Se3 as the channel material.
  • Modulated intercalated lithium concentration using a gate electric field.
  • Characterized structural and electronic property changes during intercalation.

Main Results:

  • Observed a phase transition in alpha-In2Se3 from ferroelectric semiconductor to dirty metal and finally to metal, accompanied by structural transformation.
  • Demonstrated that increasing lithium intercalation progressively narrows the ferroelectric hysteresis window.
  • Showed the transition from switchable to non-switchable polarization with enhanced intercalation.

Conclusions:

  • Ion intercalation via electrolyte gating provides a powerful method to engineer correlated material systems.
  • This approach enables systematic studies on the interplay between ferroelectricity and electronic conduction.
  • The findings offer a promising platform for developing novel electronic and memory devices.