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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
Published on: September 5, 2019
Revealing the topological nature of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light
Robert de Mello Koch1,2, Pedro Ornelas3, Neelan Gounden3
1School of Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China. robert.demellokoch@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Topology has emerged as a fundamental property of many systems yet mostly limited to low dimensions. Here, we reveal the hidden topology in entangled states carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), in arbitrary dimensions. For two-dimensional systems, we demonstrate multiple skyrmion topologies and their equivalence to 't Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopoles, experimentally connecting them to the Higgs field. In higher dimensions, we use non-Abelian gauge fields of SU(d) Yang-Mills theory to predict a rich tapestry of topological maps and their invariants, which we confirm experimentally for dimensionality up to seven, showing an underlying topology of 48 dimensions and a topological spectrum spanning over 17000 invariants. In addition to inducing robustness to perturbation, the topological spectrum enables probing them, by observing their emergent signatures in its non-topological spaces. The only degree of freedom we use to construct the topology is OAM, breaking away from the optical paradigm of polarisation-based spin-textured fields and forgoing the need for quantum state engineering. Our theoretical framework can be extrapolated to any dimension and degree of freedom, opening a distinct path for finding topologies in light.
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