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NeuraLoop: a high bandwidth closed-loop human-machine interface.

Luis Pelaez Murciego1, Elias Thomassen Dam1, Hans Henrik Dalgaard1

  • 1Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

NeuraLoop offers a wearable, bidirectional interface for human-machine interaction, accurately recognizing micro-gestures and providing tactile feedback for intuitive control. This textile-based system enhances prosthetic and virtual reality applications.

Keywords:
Bidirectional human-machine interfaceClosed-loop controlElectromyographyElectrotactile stimulationFeedbackMicro-gestureMyocontrolTextile electrodeWearable

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Existing myoelectric interfaces for human-machine interaction (HMI) suffer from low spatial resolution and unidirectional communication.
  • A novel wearable, high-bandwidth, bidirectional interface, NeuraLoop, was developed to overcome these limitations.
  • NeuraLoop integrates myoelectric (EMG) signal acquisition and electrotactile stimulation feedback on a textile platform.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of a wearable, textile-based bidirectional interface for HMI.
  • To evaluate the system's capability in classifying subtle micro-gestures.
  • To assess closed-loop control of a virtual cursor using tactile feedback.

Main Methods:

  • Developed NeuraLoop, a flexible matrix of 32 EMG recording and 32 electrotactile stimulation pads.
  • Implemented a time-division multiplexing (TDM) strategy for simultaneous recording and stimulation.
  • Evaluated the system with ten healthy subjects in two tasks: micro-gesture classification and virtual cursor control.

Main Results:

  • Subjects achieved over 94% accuracy in classifying four thumb micro-gestures.
  • In closed-loop control, participants achieved 70% accuracy for exact target hits using electrotactile feedback.
  • 95% accuracy was achieved when including adjacent cell hits in the control task.

Conclusions:

  • NeuraLoop proves the viability of high-bandwidth, bidirectional HMI via a wearable textile interface.
  • The system enables accurate micro-gesture recognition and effective, spatially encoded tactile feedback delivery.
  • This technology holds potential for advanced prosthetics, rehabilitation, and virtual/augmented reality systems.