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Pneumatically-Actuated Liquid Metal-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna.

Yiwen Song¹, Aditya Bharambe², Dinesh K Patel²

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|December 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a stretchable liquid metal antenna that maintains high efficiency across a wide frequency range (1-5 GHz). This innovative antenna technology overcomes limitations of traditional rigid antennas for software-defined and cognitive radios.

Keywords:

antenna liquid metal pneumatic actuator soft robot

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Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Materials Science
Antenna Theory

Background:

Software-defined radios (SDRs) and cognitive radios (CRs) require antennas capable of wide frequency reconfiguration.
Existing antennas are either narrow-band with high efficiency or wide-band with low efficiency, limiting SDR/CR performance.
A practical, high-efficiency, wide-range frequency-reconfigurable antenna is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel soft, stretchable, compact, omnidirectional liquid metal composite antenna system.
To enable high radiation efficiency across a wide frequency band (1-5 GHz) for reconfigurable antennas.
To integrate hardware optimization with a software control algorithm for automatic optimal signal reception.

Main Methods:

Optimized an extendable multi-branch stretchable liquid metal antenna geometry for high efficiency across frequencies.
Developed a control algorithm for automatic antenna configuration to optimal received signal strength.
Experimental characterization of the antenna's performance under strain and across the operating frequency range.

Main Results:

The liquid metal antenna system (PASTA) demonstrates high radiation efficiency when reconfiguring frequencies.
Achieved a strain limit of 33% for two independent actuatable branches.
Reduced radiation loss by 10-20 dB compared to state-of-the-art rigid and flexible antennas over the 1-5 GHz range.

Conclusions:

The developed stretchable liquid metal antenna overcomes limitations of traditional antennas for SDRs and CRs.
PASTA offers a practical solution for high-efficiency, wide-range frequency-reconfigurable antennas.
This technology enables improved performance for adaptive radio systems.