Modulation of Bone Metabolic Balance by Electromagnetic Fields as a Novel Strategy for Osteoporosis Treatment

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture, which collectively increase bone fragility and fracture risk. The condition primarily arises from a metabolic imbalance in which bone resorption outstrips bone formation, leading to a net decrease in bone mass. Current pharmacological treatments, such as bisphosphonates and hormone replacement therapy, are limited by side effects and high costs. In contrast, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) represent a non-invasive and cost-effective physical intervention that has shown promise in promoting bone formation and slowing the progression of OP. This review summarizes current findings on the mechanisms by which EMFs influence bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and discusses challenges in clinical translation, including parameter optimization and mechanistic complexity. Future research should focus on establishing standardized protocols and leveraging advanced technologies to fully realize the therapeutic potential of EMFs.