Cutaneous leishmaniasis: aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, management and research gaps

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan parasitic infection caused by Leishmania species and transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. The disease is endemic in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions, where it presents as localized skin ulcers, often leaving scars that can lead to significant morbidity and social stigma. This review focuses on the aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, management strategies and research gaps in CL. Understanding the complex immune response involved in the pathogenesis of CL, as well as the environmental and socio-economic factors driving its spread, is critical for designing effective control measures. Clinical presentation varies from simple ulcers to more complex forms like mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Management primarily involves antimicrobial therapy, with treatments such as miltefosine, antimony compounds and liposomal amphotericin B being the mainstays, although drug resistance is emerging as a significant challenge. Research gaps remain in the development of effective vaccines, better diagnostic tools and alternative treatments. Addressing these gaps will improve patient health outcomes and facilitate the elimination of CL in endemic regions.