Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

2.2K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
2.2K
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

974
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
974
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

8.7K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
8.7K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

6.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
6.8K
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

3.9K
The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
3.9K
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

42.9K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
42.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Circulating Antioxidant Nutrients and Brain Age in Midlife Adults.

Biopsychosocial science and medicine·2025
Same author

Local Differences in Network Organization in the Auditory and Parietal Cortex, Revealed with Single Neuron Activation.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Simultaneous interneuron labeling reveals cell type-specific, population-level interactions in cortex.

iScience·2024
Same author

Parietal cortex is causally required for state-dependent decisions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Arousal and Locomotion Differently Modulate Activity of Somatostatin Neurons across Cortex.

eNeuro·2023
Same author

Simultaneous interneuron labeling reveals population-level interactions among parvalbumin, somatostatin, and pyramidal neurons in cortex.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2023
Same journal

Dysregulated calcium signaling underlies hyposalivation and microbial dysbiosis in Down syndrome.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Collagen 1-mediated CXCL1 secretion in tumor cells activates fibroblasts to promote radioresistance of esophageal cancer.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Identification of superstalsis, a motility program distinct from peristalsis in the Drosophila midgut.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

HDAC10 promotes Th17 differentiation and IL-17A-driven neutrophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Outer membrane remodeling via lipid-peptidoglycan crosstalk enables lipooligosaccharide-deficient colistin resistance.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

The gut microbiome of a Northern Plains tribe is in transition between global Indigenous and industrialized populations.

Cell reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.3K

Parietal cortex is causally required for state-dependent decisions.

Akhil C Bandi1, John P McCann2, Rachel M Carpenter2

  • 1Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Cell Reports
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how brain states affect decision-making. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is crucial for performance states, influencing neural activity and guiding behavior in mice.

Keywords:
CP: Neurosciencedecision-makinginternal statesoptogenetic inactivationparietal cortexpopulation coding

More Related Videos

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.3K
Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy
10:35

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: June 13, 2017

32.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.3K
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.3K
Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy
10:35

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: June 13, 2017

32.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Behavioral performance in decision-making fluctuates with internal states.
  • The impact of these state changes on neural processing is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between behavioral performance states and neural processing in the cortex.
  • To determine the causal role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in decision-making and performance states.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were trained on a navigation-based sound-localization task.
  • Hidden Markov modeling was used to identify distinct performance states.
  • Optogenetic inactivation and two-photon calcium imaging were employed to study neural activity in the PPC and auditory cortex.

Main Results:

  • Expert mice exhibited high-performance states with optimal stimulus weighting and low-performance states with choice bias.
  • PPC inactivation reduced accuracy and increased biased states.
  • Performance states modulated PPC population activity but not primary auditory cortex activity.
  • PPC neural activity showed distinct characteristics during different performance states.

Conclusions:

  • Parietal cortex activity is causally required for perceptual decisions.
  • Neural activity in the PPC is dynamically linked to behavioral performance states, influencing decision outcomes.