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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Post-Traumatic Stress Risk Among COVID-19 Survivors in Colombia.

Edwin Herazo1, John Carlos Pedrozo-Pupo2, Adalberto Campo-Arias2

  • 1Instituto de Investigación del Comportamiento Humano, Bogotá , Colombia.

Revista Colombiana De Psiquiatria
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-traumatic stress disorder risk (PTSD-R) affects 13.3% of Colombian COVID-19 survivors. Depression and insomnia significantly increase PTSD-R, highlighting the need for mental health support.

Keywords:
Coronavirus diseaseCross-sectional studiesEnfermedad por coronavirusEstrés postraumáticoEstudios transversalesFactores de riesgoPost-traumatic stressPrevalencePrevalenciaRisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Mental Health Research
  • Epidemiology
  • COVID-19 Sequelae

Background:

  • Post-traumatic stress symptoms are prevalent after severe psychological or physical threats.
  • Limited data exists on post-traumatic stress disorder risk (PTSD-R) in Colombian COVID-19 survivors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of PTSD-R in COVID-19 survivors in Santa Marta, Colombia.
  • To identify factors associated with PTSD-R in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study was conducted with adult COVID-19 survivors.
  • Participants completed assessments for depression risk, insomnia risk, and PTSD-R.
  • Demographic data was collected for characterization.

Main Results:

  • 13.3% of 330 COVID-19 survivors exhibited PTSD-R.
  • High frequencies of depression risk (49.7%) and insomnia risk (60.6%) were observed.
  • PTSD-R was significantly associated with depression risk (OR=41.4), insomnia risk (OR=5.3), low income (OR=3.5), and marital status (OR=2.7).

Conclusions:

  • Approximately 13.3% of Colombian COVID-19 survivors experience PTSD-R.
  • Depression and insomnia are key risk factors for PTSD-R in this cohort.
  • Longitudinal studies are recommended to understand the long-term trajectory of PTSD-R in COVID-19 survivors.