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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

215.7K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

1.2K
Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
1.2K
Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.1K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
1.1K
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

1.6K
Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
1.6K
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

1.5K
Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
1.5K
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

738
Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
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Atomic diffusion pathway mediated subsurface engineering.

Xiaolin Tai1, Yanan Zhou2, Shilong Xu3

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.

Nature Communications
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precise control of subsurface atomic layers in platinum catalysts was achieved by engineering atomic diffusion pathways. This subsurface engineering enhances catalytic activity and durability for fuel cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Subsurface atomic arrangement critically influences catalytic performance by governing surface reactions.
  • Precise control over subsurface structures is challenging due to complex metal-adsorbate interactions and limited accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve precise control of subsurface atomic layers in platinum-based intermetallic compounds.
  • To develop a rational strategy for catalyst design by understanding subsurface active sites.

Main Methods:

  • In-situ construction of atomic diffusion pathways for targeted heterometallic atom positioning.
  • Atomic-precision subsurface engineering to create L1₀-PtFe@PtMsub structures.
  • Thermodynamic-induced atomic rearrangement governed by surface energy minimization and adsorbate-induced segregation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized L1₀-PtFe@PtMsub (Msub = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag) with controlled subsurface atomic arrangements.
  • L1₀-PtFe@PtPdsub demonstrated simultaneous stabilization of ligand and strain effects, overcoming limitations of Pt skin.
  • The catalyst exhibited high activity and durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic-precision subsurface engineering offers a rational strategy for designing advanced catalysts.
  • Understanding and controlling subsurface active sites are crucial for optimizing heterogeneous catalysis.
  • The developed L1₀-PtFe@PtPdsub/C catalyst shows promising practical application in fuel cells.