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Related Concept Videos

Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:

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Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG
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Resting-State Theta/Beta Ratio Reveals Distinct Neural Signatures in High Sign-Tracking Individuals.

Lorenzo Mattioni1, Francesco di Gregorio1, Marco Badioli1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.

Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
|December 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with high sign-tracking behavior show an elevated mid-frontal theta/beta ratio, a neural marker linked to reward cue reactivity. This finding may help identify vulnerabilities for addiction and psychiatric disorders.

Keywords:
EEGEye-trackingIncentive salienceSign-trackingTheta/beta ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sign-tracking behavior reflects individual differences in reward learning and motivation.
  • This phenotype is associated with impulsivity, addiction vulnerability, and externalizing disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neural differences underlying sign-tracking behavior.
  • To determine if high sign-tracking individuals exhibit an elevated mid-frontal theta/beta ratio.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty volunteers underwent resting-state EEG and a Pavlovian learning task.
  • Participants were categorized into high and low sign-tracking groups using eye-gaze metrics.
  • The mid-frontal theta/beta ratio was analyzed as a potential biomarker.

Main Results:

  • High sign-tracking participants showed a significantly higher mid-frontal theta/beta ratio.
  • This ratio indicates reduced cortical control over subcortical motivational circuits.

Conclusions:

  • The mid-frontal theta/beta ratio can distinguish individual differences in reward cue reactivity.
  • This neural marker suggests potential targets for interventions in sign-tracking-related vulnerabilities.