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Melatonin in bipolar disorder.

Heather K Macpherson1, Roger B Varela1, Trang T T Truong2

  • 1Queensland Brain Institute, Asia Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, The University of Queensland - Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|December 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reduced melatonin (hypomelatoninaemia) may be a key factor in bipolar disorder (BD) pathophysiology. This review explores hypomelatoninaemia

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderCortisolDopamineInflammationMelatoninSleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, hindering effective medication development.
  • Converging evidence implicates reduced melatonin secretion and function (hypomelatoninaemia) in BD.
  • The precise role and characterization of hypomelatoninaemia in BD are not fully established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical and clinical data on the relationship between hypomelatoninaemia and key BD features.
  • To explore the potential role of melatonin dysfunction in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
  • To examine the interplay between hypomelatoninaemia and other BD-associated factors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of clinical data investigating melatonin in bipolar disorder.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking hypomelatoninaemia to hypercortisolaemia, sleep disturbance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dopaminergic dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Hypomelatoninaemia may arise from increased sensitivity to light-induced melatonin suppression and altered synthesis, receptor activity, or metabolism.
  • Hypomelatoninaemia may exacerbate hypercortisolaemia, sleep disturbances, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dopaminergic dysfunction in BD.
  • Melatonin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:

  • Hypomelatoninaemia is a significant factor in bipolar disorder pathophysiology.
  • Understanding the complex interactions between hypomelatoninaemia and other BD markers is crucial for targeted therapies.
  • Melatonin-based interventions warrant further investigation for bipolar disorder treatment.