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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Adverse Food Reactions in Dogs and Cats.

Laura Udraite Vovk1, Ralf S Mueller1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|December 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Adverse food reactions in pets are hard to diagnose due to vague symptoms. Elimination diets are the best method, with hydrolyzed diets being a good start.

Keywords:
Adverse food reactionCanine atopic dermatitisElemental dietElimination diet trialFeline atopic syndromeFood allergyHydrolyzed diet

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Adverse food reactions (AFRs) are common causes of chronic skin and gastrointestinal issues in dogs and cats.
  • Diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific clinical signs and unreliable current diagnostic tests.
  • Immunologic (allergic) and non-immunologic reactions contribute to AFRs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges and current approaches for adverse food reactions in companion animals.
  • To discuss the role of hydrolyzed and elemental diets in diagnosis and management.
  • To explore emerging diagnostic strategies based on immunological mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic methods for AFRs in veterinary medicine.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and limitations of existing diagnostic tests (serum IgE/IgG, saliva, hair).
  • Evaluation of elimination diet trials and dietary provocation as the gold standard.

Main Results:

  • Current non-dietary diagnostic tests for AFRs lack reliability.
  • Elimination diet trials followed by dietary provocation remain the most accurate diagnostic method.
  • Hydrolyzed diets are effective first-line options, and elemental diets show future promise for improved accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of AFRs in pets is difficult, necessitating reliable diagnostic tools.
  • Dietary elimination trials are crucial for diagnosing AFRs, with hydrolyzed and elemental diets offering practical solutions.
  • Further research into T-cell-mediated mechanisms may lead to novel diagnostic assays like lymphocyte proliferation tests.