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State of microsurgery teaching in France in 2025
T Daoulas1, P Liverneaux2, N Bigorre3
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHU de Brest, 29200 Brest, France.
Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique
|December 14, 2025
Summary
Microsurgery training in France shows increased enrollment but persistent disparities. Key challenges include limited animal models, funding issues, and inconsistent supervision, necessitating a structured, progressive learning model.
Area of Science:
- Surgical Education
- Microsurgery Training
- Medical Pedagogy
Background:
- Microsurgery is crucial across surgical fields.
- University Certificates (UC) in France offer microsurgery training.
- A 2014 study identified financial and structural challenges in UC programs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To update data on microsurgery teaching in France a decade after a previous study.
- To analyze the evolution of microsurgery education.
- To identify emerging challenges in training practices and constraints.
Main Methods:
- A descriptive observational survey conducted in 2025 across 28 French university hospitals.
- Interviews with educational referents of microsurgery UCs using a standardized questionnaire.
- Comparison of collected data with findings from the 2014 study.
Main Results:
- 17 centers offered microsurgery UCs; 14 were established in 2014.
- Average annual teaching hours decreased by 24%, while total places increased by 86%.
- Enrollment costs rose by €292; main challenges involved animal models, economics, and supervision.
Conclusions:
- Significant disparities persist among French microsurgery UCs despite growing interest.
- Standardization, resource optimization, and a progressive pathway are needed.
- A three-stage model (inert materials, living models, advanced training) is proposed to structure learning.
