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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Thermally driven surface phase separation in intermetallic alloys.

Shyam Bharatkumar Patel1, Xiaobo Chen1, Dongxiang Wu1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.

Nature Communications
|December 14, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intermetallic compounds can change at surfaces due to a bulk-to-surface mass exchange. This process forms new surface precipitates, impacting high-temperature alloy performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Intermetallic compounds exhibit high-temperature phase stability.
  • Surface changes in these materials are critical for performance and durability.
  • Understanding bulk-surface interactions is key to managing alloy behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of surface phase separation in intermetallic compounds.
  • To identify the driving forces behind the formation of surface precipitates.
  • To establish a link between bulk defect dynamics and surface compositional evolution.

Main Methods:

  • In-situ electron microscopy
  • Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy
  • First-principles computational modeling
  • Study of the beta-NiAl system

Main Results:

  • A thermally activated bulk-to-surface mass exchange mechanism was identified.
  • Asymmetries in vacancy formation energies drive preferential Nickel (Ni) segregation.
  • Ni-rich gamma'-Ni3Al precipitates form on the surface, distinct from the bulk.
  • A direct mechanistic link between bulk defect dynamics and surface composition was established.

Conclusions:

  • The bulk-surface coupling mechanism drives surface phase separation in alloys under thermal stress.
  • This mechanism refines the understanding of intermetallic stability limits.
  • Insights gained can help manage the performance and durability of high-temperature intermetallic alloys.