Constructing 1D carbon hybrids with spatially confined Co₃O₄ nanoparticles for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes

Conversion-type transition metal oxides with high theoretical capacity suffer from volumetric effects and kinetics constraint in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a double-carbon protected anode composed of highly dispersed Co₃O₄ nanoparticles was constructed to enable rapid ion diffusion and exceptional cycling stability. The Co₃O₄@C/CNTs anode exhibits a high specific capacity of 1030.0 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1, with a retained capacity of 356.2 mAh g^-1 at 1.0 A g^-1 even after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the superiority of the dual-carbon protection was demonstrated through a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, in situ EIS analysis, and electrode thickness expansion measurements.