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Daily probiotic supplementation on plaque pH and gingival health in adults: A clinical study

Pranav V Manek1, Alfiya M2, Rashmi Sinha1

  • 1Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College and Research Centre, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, Boston University, GMS, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Bioinformation
|December 15, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
Probioticsgingival indexoral microbiomeplaque pHpreventive dentistry

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The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...