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Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
Published on: April 23, 2014
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Development and content validity of the evaluation of multidimensional functioning and risks in aging scale.
José Fierro-Marrero1,2,3, Álvaro Reina-Varona1,2, Joaquín Pardo-Montero1,2,4
1Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain.
Peerj
|December 15, 2025
Summary
A new scale, the Evaluation of Multidimensional Functioning and Risks in Aging (EMFRA), was developed to assess older adults
Area of Science:
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
- Health Sciences
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Aging populations face increased prevalence of age-related conditions like pain, dementia, and falls.
- Current frailty instruments have conceptual and operational limitations for identifying specific health domain impairments.
- A shift towards domain-specific evaluations, aligned with Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and ICF, is needed.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop the Evaluation of Multidimensional Functioning and Risks in Aging (EMFRA) scale.
- To create a multidimensional tool assessing physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning in older adults.
- To provide an efficient method for identifying preserved or impaired health domains in aging individuals.
Main Methods:
- Item generation through literature review and expert consultation.
- Expert panel validation (15 experts) assessing clarity, coherence, and relevance using a Likert scale.
- Cognitive interviews with clinicians (10) and older adults (10) to evaluate comprehensibility and applicability.
Main Results:
- An initial 24-item scale was refined based on expert and end-user feedback.
- Two items (language, fear) and one additional item (sedentarism) were excluded after validation and cognitive interviews.
- The final EMFRA scale comprises items across physical, cognitive, emotional, and social domains, enhanced for usability.
Conclusions:
- The EMFRA scale offers a multidimensional framework for assessing functioning and risks in older adults.
- Incorporation of end-user feedback enhances the scale's practical relevance and usability.
- Further psychometric validation is required before clinical implementation of the EMFRA scale.
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