Evaluation of single-cell RNA profiling technologies using FFPE, fresh, and frozen ccRCC tumor specimens

The application of single-cell transcriptomic approaches has deepened our understanding of tumor heterogeneity, immune dynamics, and molecular programs underlying therapy response. The recent development of fixation-compatible single-cell platforms, such as 10x Genomics Flex, offers the opportunity to profile archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, expanding access to clinically valuable samples. However, most benchmarking studies of recent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have relied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, limiting their relevance to human tissues. Here, we compared three 10x single-cell RNA profiling methods, fresh tumor scRNA-seq, flash-frozen single-nucleus Multiome, and FFPE single-nucleus Flex (snFlex), using clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) biopsies. Across methods, we observed broadly consistent cell type-specific transcriptional profiles among major ccRCC cell populations. Despite lower gene and UMI counts, snFlex reliably identified fine-grained states within CD8 ⁺ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor compartments, comparable to those detected by scRNA-seq. Together, these findings highlight the distinct advantages of each technology depending on sample preservation type and study design, providing practical guidance for single-cell RNA profiling technology selection in translational studies using human tumor biopsies.