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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.0K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
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Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

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Spatial constraint drives negative frequency dependent selection of phage weaponization.

Yixuan Peng, Jacob D Holt, Triana N Dalia

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |December 15, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Lysogenized Vibrio cholerae initially kill non-lysogens in biofilms. However, biofilm constraints limit phage spread, causing lysogens to be outcompeted when they become common, demonstrating negative frequency-dependent selection.

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    Understanding the Impact of Temperate Bacteriophages on Their Lysogens Through Transcriptomics
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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Ecology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Bacteria form biofilms in diverse environments, encountering bacteriophages.
    • Studying phage-host dynamics in biofilms at cellular resolution is challenging.
    • Vibrio cholerae in marine environments interact with phages within biofilms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the population dynamics of lysogenized and non-lysogenized Vibrio cholerae in biofilms.
    • To understand how phage-host interactions influence bacterial fitness in a simulated marine environment.
    • To determine the factors limiting competitive displacement by lysogens in biofilms.

    Main Methods:

    • Culturing Vibrio cholerae biofilms on chitin particles in flowing seawater.
    • Utilizing phage K139 and its derivatives with varying infectivity.
    • Employing modeling approaches and imaging experiments.
    • Analyzing population dynamics and spatial distribution of lysogenized and non-lysogenized bacteria.

    Main Results:

    • Lysogenized V. cholerae initially displace non-lysogenized cells via phage release.
    • Spatial constraints within biofilms and superinfection exclusion limit phage spread.
    • Lysogens are outcompeted when they become the majority population due to reduced phage efficacy.
    • Negative frequency-dependent selection acts on lysogenized cells under realistic conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Biofilm architecture and superinfection immunity restrict phage efficacy, limiting lysogen advantage.
    • The balance between phage-induced killing and host population density shapes bacterial community structure.
    • Temperate phages can alter host fitness within biofilms, but this effect is density-dependent.