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Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
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Accidental coincidences in camera-based high-dimensional entanglement certification.

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    Accidental coincidences in photon pair measurements significantly affect entanglement certification. Current cameras can certify entanglement without subtraction, but only with a Gaussian approximation for the quantum state.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Quantum information science
    • Experimental quantum physics

    Background:

    • High-dimensional entangled states are crucial for quantum technologies.
    • Camera-based coincidence counting has advanced state characterization.
    • Subtracting accidental coincidences is a common but limiting practice.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the impact of accidental coincidences on entanglement certification.
    • Evaluate entanglement certification with and without accidental subtraction using SPAD arrays and Tpx3Cam.
    • Determine conditions under which entanglement can be certified without accidental subtraction.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array and intensified time-stamping (Tpx3Cam) camera.
    • Employed Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) and entropy-based entanglement criteria.
    • Analyzed the influence of camera temporal characteristics on accidental coincidences.

    Main Results:

    • Accidental coincidences critically impact entanglement certification, depending on camera temporal properties and subtraction methods.
    • Entanglement certification without accidental subtraction is achievable with current cameras, but requires a Gaussian approximation of the two-photon state.
    • The level of accidental coincidences directly influences the validity of entanglement certification.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding and managing accidental coincidences is vital for reliable entanglement certification.
    • Gaussian approximation enables entanglement certification without subtraction for current single-photon camera technologies.
    • This research aids in developing robust quantum technologies and testing quantum foundations.