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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Nonlinear Dynamics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are crucial optoelectronic devices.
    • Understanding the nonlinear dynamics of VCSELs is essential for stable operation.
    • Multimode operation introduces complex behaviors not present in single-mode devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically investigate the nonlinear dynamics and routes to chaos in multimode VCSELs (MM-VCSELs).
    • To identify how higher-order transverse modes influence laser dynamics and bifurcations.
    • To compare theoretical predictions with experimental observations in free-running MM-VCSELs.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of nonlinear dynamics.
    • Inclusion of higher-order transverse modes in the modeling.
    • Simulation of MM-VCSELs in free-running operation.

    Main Results:

    • Higher-order transverse modes lead to additional bifurcations at higher currents compared to single-mode VCSELs (SM-VCSELs).
    • The dynamics exhibit competition between modes with different transverse profiles and polarizations.
    • Theoretical results show good qualitative agreement with recent experimental data.

    Conclusions:

    • The inclusion of transverse modes significantly alters VCSEL dynamics, introducing complex routes to chaos.
    • MM-VCSELs exhibit richer nonlinear behavior than SM-VCSELs due to mode competition.
    • The theoretical model provides a valuable framework for understanding and predicting MM-VCSEL experimental results.