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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms
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Dynamic functional connectivity following cochlear implantation: Predicting speech outcomes and exploring brain

Jamal Esmaelpoor1,2, Tommy Peng1,2, Beth Jelfs3

  • 1Department of Medical Bionics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Brain network dynamics after cochlear implants (CIs) predict hearing outcomes. Lower brain network switching rates and specific cross-modal plasticity early after implantation correlate with better speech understanding, aiding personalized rehabilitation.

Keywords:
brain plasticitycochlear implantdynamic functional networkfNIRSoutcome prediction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Cochlear implants (CIs) offer hearing restoration but outcomes vary.
  • Predicting CI success and understanding brain plasticity remain challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate temporal dynamics of brain functional networks post-CI implantation.
  • To identify predictors of speech understanding outcomes and explore brain plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured brain activity in 29 CI candidates and 23 controls.
  • Analysis of brain community dynamics using multilayer modularity and network switching rates.
  • Speech understanding assessed after 1 year, with fNIRS at 1 month and 1 year post-implantation.

Main Results:

  • Lower network switching rates at 1 month post-CI were associated with better 1-year speech performance.
  • Increased posterior temporal (PT) to visual cortex connectivity (cross-modal plasticity) observed early, diminishing by 1 year.
  • Improved interhemispheric PT connectivity in CI users over time, reducing disparities with controls.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic functional connectivity patterns are meaningful neural correlates of CI outcome variability.
  • Early network dynamics and cross-modal plasticity may predict long-term speech understanding.
  • Findings support personalized rehabilitation strategies to optimize CI outcomes.