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Differences in whole-body angular momentum between treadmill and overground walking.

Florian Etheve1, Jérémie Begue1, Margaux Levasseur1

  • 1Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de La Réunion, Le Tampon, France.

Journal of Biomechanics
|December 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Treadmill walking significantly reduces whole-body angular momentum (H) and alters its temporal pattern compared to overground walking. This suggests a more conservative gait strategy on treadmills, impacting balance control research.

Keywords:
BalanceOvergroundTreadmillWalking

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Gait Analysis
  • Human Movement Science

Background:

  • Whole-body angular momentum (H) is crucial for dynamic balance during walking.
  • Treadmill walking introduces gait differences compared to overground, but its effect on H is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare whole-body angular momentum (H) between treadmill and overground walking in healthy adults.
  • To identify specific differences in the amplitude and temporal evolution of H across walking conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen healthy adults walked at preferred speeds under randomized treadmill and overground conditions.
  • Whole-body angular momentum (H) was calculated in three planes using 3D motion capture.
  • Spatiotemporal gait parameters were analyzed and compared between conditions.

Main Results:

  • Treadmill walking significantly reduced the range of H across all planes compared to overground walking (p < 0.001).
  • The temporal evolution of H was altered during treadmill walking.
  • Associated spatiotemporal changes included increased cadence and step width, and decreased step and stride length.

Conclusions:

  • Significant differences exist in whole-body angular momentum (H) between treadmill and overground walking.
  • Treadmill walking may induce a more conservative gait strategy for enhanced balance control.
  • Caution is advised when generalizing treadmill-based gait findings to overground locomotion.