[Theoretical evolution and practical innovation in the treatment of benign anorectal diseases]

Anorectal surgery is transitioning from a tradition of experience-based practice toward modern precision medicine. This evolution is driven by greater societal focus on benign diseases, changing disease patterns due to lifestyle shifts and an aging population, and rising patient expectations for painless procedures and rapid recovery, all of which present more complex clinical challenges and higher demands for humanistic care. In this context, the management of benign anorectal diseases continues to advance, supported by theoretical breakthroughs, technological innovations, and shifts in clinical philosophy. From the cushion theory of hemorrhoids and the refined understanding of anal fistula anatomy, to the use of energy devices and high-resolution imaging guidance, treatment goals have shifted from anatomical repair to functional restoration and quality-of-life improvement. This progression demonstrates both the preservation of traditional wisdom and the pursuit of rational surgical innovation. This article systematically reviews the evolution of concepts, techniques, and approaches in benign anorectal disease management, and discusses the value of multidisciplinary collaboration and individualized clinical decision-making.