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Hydroxychloroquine Ocular Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review.

Marisa Sit1, Ryan H Mason2, Alexander J Kaplan2

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Hydroxychloroquine is a key drug for rheumatological conditions. Chronic use can cause serious ocular toxicity, particularly retinopathy, which may lead to irreversible vision loss if not detected early.

Keywords:
hydroxychloroquineocular toxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is widely used for rheumatological disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Its efficacy, low cost, and safety profile contribute to its common clinical use.
  • However, chronic HCQ use is linked to significant ocular side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, pharmacokinetics, and ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine.
  • To focus on the risks, diagnosis, and screening for HCQ-induced ocular toxicity.
  • To highlight the potential for irreversible vision loss from retinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on hydroxychloroquine's properties and ocular effects.
  • Analysis of studies detailing risk factors for ocular toxicity.
  • Examination of diagnostic and screening methods for retinopathy.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxychloroquine exhibits immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties.
  • Retinopathy is the most critical ocular adverse effect associated with chronic use.
  • Early detection and screening are crucial to prevent vision loss.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxychloroquine remains valuable in rheumatology but requires careful monitoring for ocular toxicity.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy are essential.
  • Ophthalmological screening is vital for patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy.