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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides
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Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

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Peptide Sequence Programmed Piezoelectric Response by Supramolecular Self-Assembly.

Xuejiao Yang1, Shuaijie Liu2, Honglei Lu3

  • 1Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Short peptides create stable, high-performance piezoelectric crystals. These synthetic biomaterials exhibit a high piezoelectric coefficient, enabling efficient energy conversion for advanced electronic devices.

Keywords:
crystalspeptidepiezoelectricitypower generationself‐assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Piezoelectricity enables mechanical energy to electrical energy conversion, crucial for advanced devices.
  • Natural biomaterials possess limited piezoelectric properties, driving the need for synthetic alternatives.
  • Short peptides offer tunable, biocompatible, and easily synthesized options for piezoelectric materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer stable piezoelectric crystals using hydrophobic tripeptides.
  • To investigate the piezoelectric properties and molecular packing of peptide-based crystals.
  • To demonstrate the potential of peptide crystals in high-performance nanogenerators.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of hydrophobic tripeptide crystals with phenylalanine at the central position.
  • Characterization using Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) to measure piezoelectric coefficients.
  • Structural analysis via microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) and density functional theory (DFT).

Main Results:

  • Self-assembled, uniform, and thermally stable tripeptide crystals were successfully fabricated.
  • A high effective piezoelectric coefficient of 24.0 pC N-1 was achieved, attributed to asymmetric molecular packing.
  • Peptide crystal-based nanogenerators demonstrated a record open-circuit voltage of 2.57 V in aqueous environments.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrophobic tripeptides can be engineered into high-performance piezoelectric materials.
  • Asymmetric molecular packing in peptide crystals is key to enhanced piezoelectricity.
  • These findings pave the way for advanced, peptide-based piezoelectric devices and energy harvesting applications.