A scenario based analysis of bidirectional electric vehicle-building integration for energy optimization and carbon...

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with building energy systems presents substantial opportunities for carbon emission reduction and energy optimization through bidirectional energy flows. This study develops and validates a comprehensive scenario-based analytical framework for vehicle-to-building (V2B) and building-to-vehicle (B2V) integration, evaluating performance across diverse operational conditions and geographic regions. Five operational scenarios were analyzed using DesignBuilder simulation software and mixed-integer linear programming optimization for a commercial office building with 15 EVs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The methodology incorporated comprehensive energy modeling, stochastic EV availability patterns, grid-responsive control strategies, and photovoltaic (PV) system integration. Results demonstrated substantial multi-faceted benefits from bidirectional EV integration. Optimal V2B operations achieved energy consumption reductions of 10.9% in Riyadh and comparable improvements in Tashkent, while V2B combined with PV systems delivered 22.8% and 18.2% reductions respectively. Carbon emission reductions paralleled energy savings, with optimal V2B achieving 10.9% reduction in Riyadh and V2B + PV scenarios reaching 22.8% and 18.1% reductions. Peak demand management showed substantial grid stabilization benefits with 14.1-22.6% peak reductions across scenarios. Economic analysis revealed attractive investment returns with payback periods of 4.7-5.7 years and positive net present values exceeding $28,950 -62,150 over 10-year periods. PV integration achieved exceptional renewable energy self-consumption ratios of 83.4-84.9%, substantially exceeding conventional installations. The validated framework demonstrates that bidirectional EV-building integration represents a transformative approach for commercial building decarbonization, providing simultaneous energy, environmental, and economic benefits across diverse climatic conditions.