Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Natural Gas-Derived Synthetic Fuels: A Comprehensive Review of Pathways for Carbon Offset and Sustainability.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Impact of Close-Kin Experience with Metabolic Bariatric Surgery on Patient Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study from the Middle East.

Obesity surgery·2025

Same author

The role of oral metformin in preventing and treating age-related macular degeneration: A meta-analysis.

Medicine·2024

Same author

Herpes simplex virus infection and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)·2023

Same author

The impact of target speed on pedestrian, bike, and speeding crash frequencies.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2023

Same author

Multi-vehicle safety functions for freeway weaving segments using lane-level traffic data.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Decarbonizing ammonia synthesis plants through retrofitting novel reformer technology.

Tagwa Musa¹, Nada Mahmoud¹, Mohamed S Challiwala¹

¹Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, 23874, Qatar.

Scientific Reports

|December 15, 2025

Summary

This study retrofits ammonia plants to reduce carbon emissions by co-producing ammonia and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The new process significantly cuts CO₂ emissions and energy use, offering a sustainable manufacturing pathway.

Keywords:

Ammonia production CNTs Decarbonization Dual reforming Retrofitting Techno-economic analysis

More Related Videos

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Published on: April 18, 2020

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Published on: April 18, 2020

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Chemical Engineering
Materials Science
Environmental Science

Background:

Ammonia production via steam methane reforming (SMR) is a major source of industrial greenhouse gas emissions.
Decarbonizing ammonia production is essential for climate change mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and evaluate a retrofit strategy for large-scale ammonia plants to reduce carbon footprint.
To integrate carbon dioxide utilization and carbon nanotube (CNT) co-production into ammonia manufacturing.

Main Methods:

Utilized Aspen Plus simulations to compare a baseline SMR process with a novel dual-reactor configuration.
Assessed key performance indicators including energy demand, feedstock consumption, CO₂ emissions, and economic viability.
Evaluated the co-production of synthesis gas and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

Main Results:

The retrofitted system achieved a 76% reduction in CO₂-equivalent emissions and an 18.2% decrease in specific energy consumption.
Despite increased methane input, the integrated process demonstrated significant environmental benefits.
Co-product revenue from MWCNTs substantially improved economic performance, with a 3.7-fold increase in Net Present Value (NPV).

Conclusions:

Integrated ammonia and CNT production presents a viable pathway for sustainable, low-carbon manufacturing.
The retrofitted dual-reactor system offers a promising solution for decarbonizing the ammonia industry.
Economic analyses indicate strong potential for profitability and rapid payback, driven by valuable co-product revenue.