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Iron bioremediation by utilizing biochar-bacterial composites.

Mayank Bahuguna1, Geeta Bhandari1, Nupur Joshi1

  • 1School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India.

BMC Microbiology
|December 16, 2025
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Summary

Immobilizing Bacillus subtilis bacteria onto rice husk biochar significantly improves iron (II) adsorption for groundwater remediation. This bacterial-biochar adsorbent offers a promising green biotechnology solution for removing iron contamination.

Keywords:
AdsorptionBiochar-Bacterial consortiumFe (II) ionsRice HuskSurface immobilization

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Groundwater iron contamination from industrial, urban, and agricultural activities poses a significant challenge.
  • Surface immobilization of bacteria on biochar is a promising strategy for adsorption-based remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adsorption behavior of Fe(II) ions using a bacterial-biochar adsorbent.
  • To evaluate the impact of Bacillus subtilis immobilized on rice husk biochar on Fe(II) adsorption capacity.
  • To analyze adsorption using sorption and kinetic models and material properties.

Main Methods:

  • Rice husk biochar immobilized with Bacillus subtilis.
  • Characterization using SEM, BET surface area analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy.
  • Batch adsorption experiments with Fe(II) concentrations (10-40 mg/L), kinetic, and isotherm modeling.

Main Results:

  • The bacterial-biochar adsorbent achieved 79.3% Fe(II) removal, surpassing pristine biochar.
  • Enhanced BET surface areas (67.76-91.84 m²/g) correlated with improved adsorption.
  • FTIR analysis identified functional groups and metal carbonate structures indicating active biosorption sites.
  • Optimal performance observed at 10-15 mg/L Fe(II) concentration.
  • Kinetic and isotherm models confirmed heterogeneous adsorption sites.

Conclusions:

  • Surface immobilization of Bacillus subtilis on rice husk biochar significantly enhances Fe(II) adsorption.
  • This bacterial-biochar immobilized adsorbent shows potential for green biotechnology applications in groundwater remediation.