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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:30

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Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:27

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Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Generation and Quantitative Characterization of Functional and Polarized Biliary Epithelial Cysts
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Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): evolving approaches and expert perspectives.

Pietro Invernizzi1,2, Aghemo Alessio Michele Goffredo3,4, Vincenza Calvaruso5

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), IRCCS Fondazione San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza (MB), Italy.

Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease affecting women. New treatments are emerging to address unmet needs in PBC management, offering hope for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
PPAR agonistsPrimary biliary cholangitisUDCAfatiguepatient journeypruritus

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and autoimmune liver diseases.
  • Cholestatic liver conditions and their management.

Background:

  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare, chronic autoimmune liver disease.
  • It primarily affects women and can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure if untreated.
  • Current treatment options are limited, with a recent withdrawal of a key second-line therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the patient journey in primary biliary cholangitis.
  • To examine current treatment strategies and unmet needs.
  • To explore emerging treatment options and clinical priorities.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted to analyze the patient journey and treatments.
  • Expert hepatologists provided insights on unmet needs and clinical priorities.
  • Focus areas included response monitoring, symptom management, and care for high-risk patients.

Main Results:

  • Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the sole approved first-line therapy for PBC.
  • The withdrawal of obeticholic acid (OCA) underscores the need for alternative treatments.
  • New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists show promise for UDCA non-responders.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant need for alternative and improved treatment options for primary biliary cholangitis.
  • Expert input highlights key areas for clinical focus, including symptom management and patient monitoring.
  • Emerging therapies, such as PPAR agonists, represent a potential turning point for patients with suboptimal responses to UDCA.