Exosomes and NcRNAs in tumor: a comprehensive review and multi-perspective study

In this paper, the multiple functions of exosomes and their non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) in maintaining homeostasis and promoting disease progression were systematically discussed. Exosomes, as the key carriers of intercellular communication, can be widely involved in physiological and pathological processes such as immune regulation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming and TME shaping by transmitting bioactive molecules such as protein, lipids and ncRNAs. Especially in the field of tumor, exocrine ncRNAs (such as miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA) affect tumor occurrence, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape through competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism, signal pathway regulation and epigenetic modification. In addition, exosomes show great potential in liquid biopsy and targeted drug delivery, providing new biomarkers and strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the standardization of exosomes application, targeting efficiency and drug resistance mechanism are still challenges for future research. To sum up, the study of exosomes and ncRNAs not only deepens the understanding of disease mechanism, but also opens up a new way for developing precision medical tools.