Bioactive Feed Additives in Poultry Reproductive Physiology

This review synthesises current knowledge on the application of bioactive feed additives to enhance poultry reproductive efficiency, addressing both physiological mechanisms and practical challenges. In male poultry, additives such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and amino acids improve semen quality by mitigating oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function, and regulating steroidogenesis through pathways involving Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc). For female reproduction, phytochemicals and probiotics optimise egg production and quality via gut microbiota modulation, nutrient absorption efficiency, and anti-oxidant defence systems, thereby improving eggshell integrity and yolk composition. Emerging sustainable alternatives, including microbial-derived enzymes and insect-based proteins, offer cost-effective solutions to replace traditional additives while maintaining productivity. However, challenges persist in balancing economic viability, regional feed resource variability, and the need for precision in oxidative stress manage-ment. Future research must prioritise interdisciplinary strategies to develop regionally tailored formulations that integrate molecular insights with farm-scale feasibility. By aligning with global sustainability goals and animal welfare standards, these innovations hold potential to sustainably meet the growing demands of poultry production systems.