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Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

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Reprogrammable Dual-Regulated Pollen Actuators for Geometric Encoding.

Jingyu Deng¹, Ze Zhao², Albar Ahmad¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for Cross Economy Global, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|December 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel bilayer actuator using pollen that can be programmed and reprogrammed for complex shape changes. This eco-friendly material offers dual-layer control and can be reused over 10 times.

Keywords:

3D geometrical encryption carriers bilayer actuator dual regulation natural pollen materials re‐programmability

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Responsive Systems

Background:

Bilayer actuators are crucial for intelligent systems but face challenges in scalable, sustainable programming and reprogramming.
Existing actuators struggle with simultaneous control over both active and passive layers for complex shape transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel bilayer actuator with dual-layer re-programmability using sustainable biomaterials.
To demonstrate complex 3D shape transformations and data encryption capabilities.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a bilayer actuator using digitally patterned toner (passive layer) and pollen (active layer).
Tuning humidity responsiveness of the pollen layer via pH.
Utilizing a mild alkaline process for disassembly and reprogramming.

Main Results:

The passive layer dictates deformation direction (0° to ≈152° folding angles).
The active pollen layer shows tunable humidity responsiveness (0.036 to 0.28 cm⁻¹ curvature, 1.04 to 0.15° s⁻¹ response speed).
The actuator system achieved over 10 reprogramming cycles without degradation and demonstrated data encryption.

Conclusions:

A novel, eco-friendly bilayer actuator platform based on pollen offers unprecedented dual-layer re-programmability.
The system supports complex 3D transformations and encrypted data storage, paving the way for next-generation responsive materials and smart devices.