Pharmacological Treatment for Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a histologically benign but clinically aggressive tumor arising from Rathke's pouch remnants, which is molecularly distinct from the other subtype, papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP). Despite advancements in surgery and radiotherapy, treatment outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to the tumor's invasiveness and resistance to conventional therapies. This review systematically examines the molecular pathogenesis of ACP and evaluates current and emerging therapeutic strategies to improve clinical management.

ACP is driven by CTNNB1 mutations and dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, alongside inflammatory and senescence-associated pathways. Current pharmacological approaches, including interferon-α, IL-6 inhibitors (e.g., tocilizumab), and intracystic agents (e.g., bleomycin), exhibit limited efficacy. Promising emerging therapies target the angiogenesis (e.g., bevacizumab) and MAPK/ERK pathway, which is activated by somatic BRAF V600E mutations in PCP, has been successfully targeted with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, demonstrating significant efficacy in the majority of treated PCP patients. whereas immune checkpoint inhibitors and SHH pathway modulators face significant challenges. Additionally, ACP-related endocrine dysfunction and hypothalamic obesity require tailored interventions, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and MC4R-targeted therapies. Precision medicine, informed by molecular subtyping and multi-omics data, holds transformative potential for ACP treatment. Future strategies should focus on combinatorial therapies to address tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment modulation, and senolytic approaches. Collaborative multidisciplinary efforts are crucial to translating these insights into clinical practice, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.