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Using Ambient Concentration Measurements to Quantify Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Unconventional Oil and

Weixin Zhang^1,2, Da Pan^1,2, I-Ting Ku¹

¹Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology

|December 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) VOC emissions vary by operation. Drilling with synthetic muds and coiled tubing cause the most emissions, while improved flowback practices significantly reduce air pollutants.

Keywords:

VOC air quality dispersion model emission inversion emission rate unconventional oil and gas development

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Atmospheric Chemistry
Energy Development

Background:

Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) utilizes advanced techniques, increasing concerns about volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions.
Accurate emission estimates for UOGD are crucial due to potential environmental and health impacts, yet current data remains uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify operation-specific VOC emission rates during UOGD.
To compare measured emissions with existing estimation models.

Main Methods:

Utilized dispersion model simulations and a novel emission inversion technique.
Analyzed four years of weekly air canister samples (48 VOCs) from 10 monitoring sites in Broomfield, Colorado (2019-2022).
Characterized emissions for drilling, hydraulic fracturing, coiled tubing/millout, flowback, and production operations.

Main Results:

Drilling with synthetic muds and coiled tubing operations showed the highest NMVOC emission rates (median 2.8 g/s and 1.1 g/s, respectively).
NMVOC and benzene emission rates during flowback were substantially lower (96% and 98% reductions) than previously reported values.
Found that the EPA's nonpoint oil and gas emission estimation tool underestimates VOCs from drilling mud and flowback green completions.

Conclusions:

VOC emission rates differ significantly across UOGD operational stages.
Improved management practices, particularly for flowback, have effectively reduced air pollutant emissions.
Current emission models may not fully capture VOC releases from specific UOGD activities like drilling mud volatilization and flowback.