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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Challenges in Graphene-Based Biosensing: Exploring Critical Limitations and Strategies.

Mahendra Pawar1,2, Priyanka Yadav1,2, Gayathri H N1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.

ACS Sensors
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Functionalizing graphene with EDC-NHS chemistry for antigen detection proved unreliable. The method showed poor reproducibility and failed to consistently immobilize antigens, hindering sensor performance for food safety applications.

Keywords:
CVD-grown grapheneEDC−NHS chemistryRaman spectroscopyantigen−antibody interactionbiosensing limitationsfunctionalization strategiessensor performance optimization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biosensors

Background:

  • Pristine graphene offers excellent electrical and structural properties for sensing applications.
  • Antigen detection is crucial for food safety and public health monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry for functionalizing graphene.
  • To assess the reproducibility and reliability of graphene-based sensors for antigen detection.

Main Methods:

  • Surface functionalization of pristine graphene using EDC-NHS coupling chemistry.
  • Electrical and spectroscopic measurements (Raman spectroscopy) to characterize functionalization.
  • Antigen immobilization and sensor performance evaluation for detecting penicillin and cephalexin.

Main Results:

  • EDC-NHS chemistry demonstrated critical limitations in reproducibility for both electrical and spectroscopic measurements.
  • Inconsistent antigen immobilization led to high variability in sensor performance.
  • Raman spectroscopy indicated a lack of successful graphene surface functionalization via EDC-NHS chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • The EDC-NHS coupling method is not reliable for functionalizing pristine graphene for consistent antigen detection.
  • Optimizing functionalization protocols or exploring alternative surface modification techniques (e.g., defect engineering, linker molecules) is necessary.
  • This study highlights challenges and offers a roadmap for improving graphene sensor reproducibility in food safety applications.