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Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction of Polysaccharides from Okra: Optimization by Response
Muhammad Imran1, Chih-Huang Weng2, Girma Sisay Wolde1
1Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40277, Taiwan.
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
|December 16, 2025
Summary
Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (UA-DES) extraction efficiently yields high-value okra polysaccharides (OPs) with enhanced bioactivity. This green method, optimized by RSM and ANN, significantly outperforms traditional extraction techniques.
Area of Science:
- Green Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- Food Science
Background:
- Conventional polysaccharide extraction methods are inefficient and energy-intensive.
- Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (UA-DES) extraction offers a sustainable alternative but requires complex optimization.
- Okra polysaccharides (OPs) are valuable bioactive compounds with potential applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To optimize UA-DES extraction of OPs using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling.
- To compare the efficiency and bioactivity of UA-DES extraction with conventional hot-water ultrasonic (HWU) extraction.
- To elucidate the structural characteristics and bioactivity of OPs obtained via UA-DES.
Main Methods:
- Screening of deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems, with choline chloride-citric acid (CCA) showing highest performance.
- Optimization of UA-DES extraction parameters (sonication time, liquid-solid ratio, temperature, power) using single-factor experiments, RSM, and ANN modeling.
- Characterization of extracted OPs, including yield, antioxidant activity (DPPH• scavenging), uronic acid and sugar content, and structural analysis (FTIR, XRD, SEM).
Main Results:
- Optimized UA-DES extraction (2 h, 80°C, 190 W, 60 mL/g) yielded 23.56% OPs with 80.75% DPPH• scavenging activity.
- UA-DES extraction achieved 94% higher yield and 28% greater antioxidant activity compared to HWU extraction.
- UA-DES-derived OPs exhibited higher uronic acid, total sugar, and glucan content, and unique arabinose presence, with favorable structural properties for bioactivity.
Conclusions:
- UA-DES extraction using CCA is an eco-efficient and effective strategy for high-value okra polysaccharide production.
- The integrated RSM-ANN framework provides precise optimization and mechanistic understanding for UA-DES processes.
- UA-DES extraction represents a scalable, green technology for producing functional polysaccharides with enhanced bioactivity.
