Does Adjuvant Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy Have a Future in Operable Bladder Cancer?

Use of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer is likely to continue, but predominantly in patients who have already started an ICI as part of a perioperative regimen rather than as a stand-alone strategy after radical cystectomy (RC) for high-risk cases. Further trials are required to define the optimal adjuvant ICI duration in this setting. As systemic therapy is increasingly prioritised over RC, truly adjuvant ICI use after RC in ICI-naïve patients is expected to become much less frequent than it is today.