Apelin signaling acts as a molecular switch between endothelial and hematopoietic stem cell fates

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) emerge from arterial endothelial cells (ECs) through a process termed endothelial-to-hematopoietic-transition (EHT), a process induced by paracrine signals and driven by a transcriptional cascade. Despite inductive signals being broadly received by ECs in the dorsal aorta (DA), only a subset of ECs undergoes EHT, while others maintain their vascular identity. The molecular mechanisms that determine this selective fate decision remain poorly understood. Here, we discover Apelin signaling as a critical regulator of cell fates in the DA, acting as a molecular switch to balance vascular and hematopoietic identities. We show that Apelin receptor (Aplnr)-expressing ECs retain their arterial identity, while Aplnr non-expressing ECs are primed to become hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) and transition into HSPCs. Loss of Apelin signaling leads to excessive EC-to-HEC conversion and increased HSPC numbers. Conversely, forced Aplnr expression abolishes HSPC formation by maintaining EC identity. These findings reveal that Apelin signaling regulates HSPC formation by preserving endothelial identity. In summary, our findings establish Apelin signaling as a critical regulator for balancing endothelial and hematopoietic fates.