Amino acids metabolism: a potential target for cancer treatment

Metabolic reprogramming of amino acids has been recognized as a significant characteristic in various types of cancers. Numerous studies have indicated that the metabolic reprogramming of amino acids in tumors significantly supports certain malignant behaviors, including tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, and even immune escape. Amino acids can provide biomolecules such as nucleotides and glutathione (GSH) for tumors, and the bioavailability of amino acids influences tumor progression. Meanwhile, as essential metabolites, amino acids are closely associated with immune cell activation and can contribute to tumor immune processes by modulating the function of immune cells. Thus, targeting amino acids metabolism has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Herein, we provide an overview of the effects of amino acids on the central carbon cycle and autophagy. We also provide an in-depth review of potential therapies for cancer treatment associated with amino acids, including metabolic enzymes of amino acids, dietary therapy of amino acids, and so on. Furthermore, we summarize some current nano-systems relevant to amino acids. This review aims to offer a theoretical foundation for understanding amino acids metabolism in cancer and identifying potential therapeutic strategies.