Osteoporosis evidence landscape to inform policy and practice: A comprehensive scoping review

Osteoporosis is a significant public health concern, leading to increased fracture risk. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of osteoporosis is rising, necessitating a thorough understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors, and management challenges. Early detection and targeted interventions are essential to mitigate its impact on health and healthcare costs. This scoping review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the current status of osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia.

A comperehensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles on "Osteoporosis" and "Saudi Arabia" published up to April 2025. Eligible studies were original research on prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, economic burden, and complications of osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia. Data were synthesized to summarize key insights and identify knowledge gaps.

The included studies were 36, the prevalence of osteoporosis ranges from 9.3% to 21.4% among men, while it was estimated to be 26% among postmenopausal women. Key risk factors included advanced age, low (Body Mass Index) BMI, high parity, certain chronic diseases, and the use of specific medications. Diagnostic tools are effective in identifying at-risk individuals. Available treatment improved bone density and reduced fracture rates.

This review highlights the high prevalence and economic burden of osteoporosis. Gap analysis emphasizes the need for sex-specific risk assessments, addressing socioeconomic disparities, and improving public health education. Effective prevention and management strategies, including vitamin D supplementation, adequate calcium intake, early monitoring, and screening, are crucial. Adherence to national guidelines can reduce osteoporotic fracture.