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A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

Genetic Liability for Internalizing-Externalizing Traits in Mexican Youth: Moderation by Adversity.

Zuriel Ceja^1,2, I-Tzu Hung³, Nathaniel Thomas³

¹Brain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences

|December 17, 2025

Summary

Common genetic factors for internalizing-externalizing traits predict psychiatric disorders in Mexican youth. Environmental adversity, like parental loss, further increases disorder risk, highlighting the need for integrated genetic and environmental approaches.

Keywords:

Mexican youth adversity exposure externalizing gene × environment interplay internalizing

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Area of Science:

Psychiatric Genomics
Adolescent Mental Health
Behavioral Genetics

Background:

Internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) traits are common dimensions of psychopathology.
Understanding the genetic architecture of these traits and their link to disorders is crucial for Mexican youth.
Environmental adversity may interact with genetic liabilities to influence disorder development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate genetic liabilities for INT and EXT traits in predicting corresponding disorders in Mexican adolescents.
To examine whether environmental adversity moderates the association between genetic factors and psychiatric disorders.
To explore the shared and specific genetic influences on internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.

Main Methods:

Utilized genomic structural equation modeling (SEM) on genome-wide association summary statistics to derive polygenic scores (PGS) for latent genetic factors.
Assessed psychiatric diagnoses and adversities in 1,130 Mexican adolescents (ages 12-17) using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Adolescents.
Employed multinomial logistic regression to test associations between PGS, adversity, and disorder outcomes.

Main Results:

A shared internalizing-externalizing factor (INT-EXT-F) and specific factors (INT-SF, EXT-SF) best fit the genetic data.
Higher INT-EXT-F PGS were associated with increased risk for externalizing-only and comorbid disorders.
Parental loss and cumulative adversity moderated the effects of specific genetic factors (EXT-SF PGS) on internalizing, externalizing, and comorbid disorders.

Conclusions:

Genetic and environmental factors interact to influence psychiatric disorder risk in Mexican youth.
Findings support the utility of integrating genetic and environmental research in diverse populations.
This study expands the scope of psychiatric genomic research beyond European ancestries.