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Do it right the first time; implementation of three-dimensional technology for bone defect reconstruction in upper
Hedayatullah Esmati1, Tim de Jong2, Kim Y Jochem3
1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
Journal of Hand and Microsurgery
|December 17, 2025
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) technology is revolutionizing upper extremity surgery for bone defect reconstruction. This review offers practical guidance for surgeons integrating 3D techniques into their clinical practice.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedic Surgery
- Biomedical Engineering
- Medical Technology
Background:
- Three-dimensional (3D) technology has transitioned from an innovative concept to a vital surgical tool.
- Advancements in imaging, 3D printing, and software have spurred its adoption in clinical settings, particularly in upper extremity surgery.
- Surgeons often face uncertainty regarding the practical implementation of 3D technology in their workflows.
Purpose of the Study:
- To illustrate the clinical applications of 3D technology in upper extremity bone defect reconstruction.
- To highlight both preoperative and intraoperative uses of 3D technology.
- To provide a practical guideline for clinicians adopting 3D technology.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical case examples demonstrating 3D technology in upper extremity bone defect reconstruction.
- Analysis of preoperative and intraoperative applications.
- Development of a practical guideline for clinical integration.
Main Results:
- Detailed case examples showcase the utility of 3D technology in complex reconstructions.
- Preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation using 3D models enhance surgical precision.
- The review provides actionable steps for incorporating 3D technology into surgical practice.
Conclusions:
- 3D technology offers significant benefits for upper extremity bone defect reconstruction.
- Practical guidelines can facilitate the adoption of 3D technology by surgeons.
- Integration of 3D technology improves patient outcomes and surgical efficiency.

