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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Oral contraceptives use and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Zhixing Zhao1, Xiaoxiao Shi1, Suna Liu2

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral contraceptive (OC) use was not significantly linked to breast cancer risk in a large meta-analysis. Further analysis showed no strong dose-response relationship, suggesting limited impact on overall breast cancer incidence.

Keywords:
Oral contraceptivesbreast cancercohort studymeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Controversy exists regarding the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and breast cancer risk.
  • Prior cohort studies have yielded inconsistent findings on this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence on the association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk.
  • To investigate potential dose-response relationships between OC use duration and breast cancer incidence.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to March 2025.
  • Included prospective cohort studies with at least 5 years of follow-up, comparing ever OC users to never users.
  • Random-effects model and two-stage dose-response meta-analysis were employed to pool effect sizes and evaluate duration-response associations.

Main Results:

  • Sixteen studies (6,390,250 women; 104,070 breast cancer cases) were analyzed.
  • Overall, ever OC users showed no significant association with breast cancer risk (pooled HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99-1.07).
  • Initial dose-response analysis indicated a non-significant 6% increase in risk per decade of OC use, though one study suggested a significant increase.

Conclusions:

  • Oral contraceptive use was not significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in this comprehensive meta-analysis.
  • No strong dose-response relationship was identified, suggesting that duration of use may not substantially alter breast cancer risk.