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Related Concept Videos

Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Gas-facilitated NAPL transport during bench-scale thermal conduction heating experiments.

Liam M Price1, Kevin G Mumford1

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Thermal conduction heating (TCH) can move contaminants like trichloroethene (TCE) and creosote during subsurface remediation. Careful site investigation and heating the entire zone are crucial to prevent contaminant spread.

Keywords:
CreosoteNon-aqueous phase liquidThermal conduction heatingThermal treatmentTrichloroethene

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Remediation Technologies

Background:

  • Thermal conduction heating (TCH) is a subsurface remediation technology for removing volatile and semi-volatile non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs).
  • Gas generation during TCH aids NAPL removal but can also cause NAPL redistribution within and beyond source zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the redistribution of trichloroethene (TCE) and creosote in coarse and medium sands during bench-scale TCH experiments.
  • To understand the mechanisms of NAPL transport and removal under different soil conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted bench-scale experiments using TCH on coarse and medium sand matrices.
  • Introduced trichloroethene (TCE) and creosote as representative NAPLs.
  • Monitored NAPL transport and phase changes (e.g., co-boiling) during heating.

Main Results:

  • In coarse sand, discontinuous gas flow facilitated upward NAPL transport via double displacement and spreading.
  • In medium sand, a continuous gas channel led to limited TCE redistribution but significant upward and lateral creosote transport.
  • TCE removal occurred via co-boiling, while only higher volatility creosote components were depleted.

Conclusions:

  • TCH poses a risk of NAPL transport away from the heated zone, necessitating thorough site investigation and potentially perimeter heaters.
  • Complete heating of the entire treatment zone is essential to ensure removal of displaced NAPLs.
  • Understanding soil properties is critical for predicting and mitigating NAPL redistribution during TCH remediation.