The TH1/TH2 Response Imbalance Zika Virus Pathogenesis: An Immunological Paradox

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Virology
• Public Health

Background:

• Zika virus (ZIKV) poses a significant global public health challenge.
• The immunopathogenesis of ZIKV infection is complex, particularly the interplay between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically review the scientific literature on the Th1/Th2 immune response paradox in ZIKV infection.
• To elucidate the role of immune cell interactions in ZIKV pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing scientific literature.
• Analysis of immunological mechanisms, including T cell responses and interactions with other immune cells.

Main Results:

• An exacerbated Th1 response, while aiding viral containment, is linked to severe outcomes like inflammation and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
• A predominant Th2 response may lead to viral persistence and neurological complications such as encephalitis.
• Dysregulated interactions among CD4+, CD8+ T cells, monocytes, NK cells, and B cells can exacerbate ZIKV pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

• The Th1/Th2 immune paradox is central to ZIKV immunopathogenesis, influencing disease severity and neurological complications.
• Understanding this balance is crucial for developing effective immunomodulatory strategies to combat ZIKV while mitigating neurological injury.